Mock Response

Overview

A mock response is a simulated API response that can be returned by the API gateway without actually sending the request to the backend API service. Mock responses are an integral feature for API development, enabling developers to emulate API behavior without the need for upstream execution.

Tyk’s mock response middleware offers this functionality by allowing the configuration of custom responses for designated endpoints. This capability is crucial for facilitating front-end development, conducting thorough testing, and managing unexpected scenarios or failures.

When is it useful

Rapid API Prototyping

Developers can create predefined static (mock) responses during early API prototyping phases to simulate responses without any backend. This is useful for several reasons:

• Validate API Design Early: It enables trying an API before writing any code. API designers and product managers can validate concepts without waiting for full API implementations.
• Enable Dependent Development: Allows development of apps and tooling that depend on the upstream service to progress. For example, the front-end team can build their interface based on the mocked responses.
• Support Test-Driven Development (TDD) and Behavior-Driven Development (BDD): Supports writing test cases for the API before implementation, enabling design and testing of the API without writing any backend code.

Legacy System Migration

When migrating from a legacy system to new APIs, mock responses can be used to emulate the old system’s outputs during the transitional phases. This provides continuity for client apps relying on the old system while new APIs are built that will eventually replace the legacy hooks.

Disaster Recovery Testing

The ability for a gateway to return well-formed mocks when backend APIs are unavailable helps test disaster recovery plans. By intentionally taking APIs offline and verifying the mocks’ surface instead, developers gain confidence in the gateway’s fallback and business continuity capabilities

Enhanced CI/CD pipeline

Test cases that rely on API interactions can mock those dependencies and provide virtual test data. This removes wait times for real API calls to complete during automated builds. Consumer testing can verify that provider APIs meet expected contracts using mocks in the CI pipeline. This ensures the contract remains intact across code changes before deployment. Front-end/client code can scale release cycles faster than backend APIs by using mocks to simulate planned API behaviors before they are ready.

Working

When the Mock Response middleware is configured for a specific endpoint, it terminates requests to the endpoint and generates an HTTP response that will be returned to the client as if it had come from the upstream service. No request will be passed to the upstream. The mock response to an API request should be designed to emulate how the service would respond to requests. To enable this, the content of the response can be configured to match the API contract for the service: you can set the HTTP status code, body and headers for the response.

Advanced mock responses with Tyk OAS

When working with Tyk OAS APIs, Tyk Gateway can parse the examples and schema in the OpenAPI description and use this to automatically generate responses using those examples. Where multiple examples are defined, for example for different response codes, Tyk enables you to configure special headers in the request to select the desired mock response.

Middleware execution order during request processing

With Tyk OAS APIs

• the mock response middleware is executed at the end of the request processing chain, immediately prior to the request being proxied to the upstream
• all other request processing middleware (e.g. authentication, request transforms) will be executed prior to the mock response.

With Tyk Classic APIs

• the mock response middleware is executed at the start of the request processing chain
• an endpoint with a mock response will not run any other middleware and will immediately return the mocked response for any request. As such, it is always an unauthenticated (keyless) call.

If you’re using Tyk OAS APIs, then you can find details and examples of how to configure the mock response middleware here.

If you’re using Tyk Classic APIs, then you can find details and examples of how to configure the response body transformation middleware here.

Mock Responses using OpenAPI Metadata

The OpenAPI Specification provides metadata that can be used by automatic documentation generators to create comprehensive reference guides for APIs. Most objects in the specification include a description field that offers additional human-readable information for documentation. Alongside descriptions, some OpenAPI objects can include sample values in the OpenAPI Document, enhancing the generated documentation by providing representative content that the upstream service might return in responses.

Tyk leverages examples from your API documentation (in OpenAPI Spec format) to generate mock responses for the API exposed via the gateway. Based on this data, Tyk adds a new middleware named “Mock Response” and returns various mock responses according to your spec. Refer to the Mock configuration guide to learn how to do this.

The specification provides three methods for Tyk to deduce the mock response: example, examples and schema.

1. example: A sample value that could be returned in a specific field in a response (see below)
2. examples: A map pairing an example name with an Example Object (see below)
3. schema: JSON schema for the expected response body (see below

Note:

• example and examples are mutually exclusive within the OpenAPI Document for a field in the responses object: the developer cannot provide both for the same object.
• The content-type (e.g. application/json, text/plain), per OpenAPI Specification, must be declared for each example or examples in the API description.

Let’s see how to use each method:

Using example to generate a mock response

In the following extract from an OpenAPI description, a single example has been declared for a request to GET /get - the API developer indicates that such a call could return HTTP 200 and the body value Response body example in plain text format.

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{
  "paths": {
    "/get": {
      "get": {
        "operationId": "getget",
        "responses": {
          "200": {
            "content": {
                "text/plain": {
                    "example": "Response body example"
                }
            },
            "description": "200 OK response for /get with a plain text"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Using examples to generate a mock response

In this extract, the API developer also indicates that a call to GET /get could return HTTP 200 but here provides two example body values Response body from first-example and Response body from second-example, again in plain text format.

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{  
  "paths": {
    "/get": {
      "get": {
        "operationId": "getget",
        "responses": {
          "200": {
            "content": {
              "text/plain": {
                "examples": {
                    "first-example": {
                        "value": "Response body from first-example"
                    },
                    "second-example": {
                        "value": "Response body from second-example"
                    }
                }
              }
            },
            "description": "This is a mock response example with 200OK"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

The exampleNames for these two values have been configured as first-example and second-example and can be used to invoke the desired response from a mocked endpoint.

Using schema to generate a mock response

If there is no example or examples defined for an endpoint, Tyk will try to find a schema for the response. If there is a schema, it will be used to generate a mock response. Tyk can extract values from referenced or nested schema objects when creating the mock response.

Response headers schema

Response headers do not have standalone example or examples attributes, however, they can have a schema - the Mock Response middleware will include these in the mock response if provided in the OpenAPI description.

The schema properties may have an example field, in which case they will be used to build a mock response. If there is no example value in the schema then default values are used to build a response as follows:

• string > "string"
• integer > 0
• boolean > true

For example, below is a partial OpenAPI description, that defines a schema for the GET /get endpoint

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{
    "paths": {
        "/get": {
            "get": {
                "operationId": "getget",
                "responses": {
                    "200": {
                        "headers": {
                            "X-Status": {
                                "schema": {
                                    "type": "string",
                                    "example": "status-example"
                                }
                            }
                        },
                        "content": {
                            "application/json": {
                                "schema": {
                                    "type": "object",
                                    "properties": {
                                        "lastName": {
                                            "example": "Lastname-placeholder",
                                            "type": "string"
                                        },
                                        "firstname": {
                                            "type": "string"
                                        },
                                        "id": {
                                            "type": "integer"
                                        }
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        },
                        "description": "This is a mock response example with 200OK"
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

Tyk Gateway could use the above to generate the following mock response:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
X-Status: status-example
Content-Type: application/json
 
{
    "lastName": "Lastname-placeholder",
    "firstname": "string",
    "id": 0
}

Notice that in the mock response above, firstname has the value string since there was no example for it in the OpenAP document so Tyk used the word string as the value for this field.

Using Tyk OAS

This tutorial is for Tyk OAS API definition users. If you’re using the legacy Tyk Classic APIs, please refer to the Tyk Classic Mock Response tutorial.

The Mock Response middleware allows you to configure Tyk to return a response for an API endpoint without requiring an upstream service.

When working with Tyk OAS APIs, this middleware is executed at the end of the request processing chain immediately prior to the upstream proxy stage. Thus, any other request processing middleware - including authentication - will be run before the request reaches the mock response.

The middleware is defined in the Tyk OAS API Definition. To create this definition, you can use the Tyk Dashboard API or the API Designer in the Tyk Dashboard UI.

To configure or create a Mock Response middleware you have two modes, manual and automatic. Following please find detailed guidance for each mode.

Manual configuration

You can configure a mock response directly in the API definition, in the middleware object under the Tyk extension section, x-tyk-api-gateway. Once added, you need to update or import it to Tyk Dashboard using Tyk Dashboard API or via Tyk Dashboard UI. This is useful when you have already tested your API in dev environments and now you need to deploy it to staging or production in a declarative manner.

The design of the Tyk OAS API Definition takes advantage of the operationId defined in the OpenAPI Document that declares both the path and method for which the middleware should be added.

The mock response middleware (mockResponse) can be added to the x-tyk-api-gateway.middleware.operations section (Tyk OAS Extension) in your Tyk OAS API Definition for the appropriate operationId (as configured in the paths section of your OpenAPI Document).

For basic operation, the mockResponse object has the following configuration:

• enabled: enable the middleware for the endpoint
• code: the HTTP status code to be provided with the response (this defaults to 200 if not set)
• body: the payload to be returned as the body of the response
• headers: the headers to inject with the response

Please remember that this API definition needs to be updated in Tyk Dashboard. In the Dashboard UI it might be trivial but if you are doing it declaratively, you need to use the Tyk Dashboard API endpoint to update an existing API (PUT) or import as a new API (POST). Once updated, Tyk Gateway/s will return mock responses to all valid requests to the endpoint, depending on the content of the request.

In the following example, we configure a mock response middleware for requests to the GET /example-mock-response1/anything endpoint:

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{
  "components": {},
  "info": {
    "title": "example-mock-response1",
    "version": "1.0.0"
  },
  "openapi": "3.0.3",
  "paths": {
    "/anything": {
      "get": {
        "operationId": "anythingget",
        "responses": {
          "200": {
            "description": "200OK for /anything using anythingget"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "x-tyk-api-gateway": {
    "info": {
      "name": "example-mock-response1",
      "state": {
        "active": true
      }
    },
    "upstream": {
      "url": "http://httpbin.org/"
    },
    "server": {
      "listenPath": {
        "value": "/example-mock-response1/",
        "strip": true
      }
    },
    "middleware": {
      "operations": {
        "anythingget": {
          "mockResponse": {
            "enabled": true,
            "code": 200,
            "body": "This is the mock response body",
            "headers": [
              {
                "name": "X-Mock-Example",
                "value": "mock-header-value"
              }
            ]
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Once this API definition is updated in Tyk Dashboard, a call to GET /example-mock-response1/anything would return:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
X-Mock-Example: mock-header-value
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8
 
This is the mock response body

The configuration above is a complete and valid Tyk OAS API Definition that you can import into Tyk to try out the mock response middleware.

Automatic configuration inferred from your OpenAPI Document

Tyk will parse the examples and schema in the OpenAPI document and use them to generate mock responses automatically.

The design of the Tyk OAS API Definition takes advantage of the operationId defined in the OpenAPI Document that declares both the path and method for which the middleware should be added. Endpoint paths entries (and the associated operationId) can contain wildcards in the form of any string bracketed by curly braces, for example /status/{code}. These wildcards are so they are human-readable and do not translate to variable names. Under the hood, a wildcard translates to the “match everything” regex of: (.*).

The mock response middleware (mockResponse) can be added to the operations section of the Tyk OAS Extension (x-tyk-api-gateway) in your Tyk OAS API Definition for the appropriate operationId (as configured in the paths section of your OpenAPI Document).

For basic operation, the mockResponse object has the following configuration:

• enabled: enable the middleware for the endpoint
• fromOASExamples: an object used to instruct Tyk Gateway to return a response from the OpenAPI description

The fromOASExamples object has the following configuration:

• enabled: enable the automatic configuration of mock response
• code: [optional] identifies which HTTP status code to be provided with the response (defaults to 200 if not set)
• contentType: [optional] identifies which response body type to use (defaults to application/json if not set)
• exampleName: [optional] the sample response to be returned from an examples list

The three optional fields (code, contentType, exampleName) are used to identify which sample response should be returned by the mock if multiple sample responses are declared in the OpenAPI description.

In the following example, the OpenAPI description declares three possible responses: two for HTTP 200 and one for HTTP 300. We have configured the Mock Response middleware to return the value defined for HTTP 200 (code) with exampleName set to “second-example”. The JSON below shows the updated Tyk OAS API definition, after Tyk has generated and added the mock response middleware:

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{  
    "components": {},
    "info": {
        "title": "example-mock-response2",
        "version": "1.0.0"
    },
    "openapi": "3.0.3",
    "paths": {
        "/anything": {
            "get": {
                "operationId": "anythingget",
                "responses": {
                    "200": {
                        "content": {
                            "text/plain": {
                                "examples": {
                                    "first-example": {
                                        "value": "My favorite is pasta"
                                    },
                                    "second-example": {
                                        "value": "My second favorite is pizza"
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        },
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    "300": {
                        "content": {
                            "text/plain": {
                                "example": "There's too much choice"
                            }
                        },
                        "description": ""
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    },
    "x-tyk-api-gateway": {
        "info": {
            "name": "example-mock-response2",
            "state": {
                "active": true
            }
        },
        "upstream": {
            "url": "http://httpbin.org/"
        },
        "server": {
            "listenPath": {
                "value": "/example-mock-response2/",
                "strip": true
            }
        },
        "middleware": {
            "operations": {
                "anythingget": {
                    "mockResponse": {
                        "enabled": true,
                        "fromOASExamples": {
                            "enabled": true,
                            "code": 200,
                            "contentType": "text/plain",
                            "exampleName": "second-example"
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

Once this API definition is updated in Tyk Dashboard, a call to GET /example-mock-response2/anything would return:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: text/plain
 
"My second favorite is pizza"

If you add "code":300 in the fromOASExamples object, a call to GET /example-mock-response2/anything would instead respond as follows:

HTTP/1.1 300 Multiple Choices
Content-Type: text/plain
 
"There's too much choice"

The configuration above is a complete and valid Tyk OAS API Definition that you can import into Tyk to try out the mock response middleware.

Multiple mock responses for a single endpoint

When the mock response middleware in your Tyk OAS API is configured to return responses from the OpenAPI description within the API definition, you can invoke a specific response, overriding the defaults configured in the middleware, by providing specific headers in your request.

To invoke a non-default response from a mocked endpoint, you must add one or more special headers to the request:

• Accept: This standard HTTP header will override the response content type (e.g. application/json, text/plain)
• X-Tyk-Accept-Example-Code: This will select the HTTP response code for which to return the example response (e.g. 400)
• X-Tyk-Accept-Example-Name: This identifies which example to select from an examples list

If an example response can’t be found for the configured code, contentType or exampleName, an HTTP 404 error will be returned to inform the client that there is no declared example for that configuration.

In the example below, the OpenAPI document declares two possible responses: one for HTTP 200 and one for HTTP 300. We have configured the Mock Response middleware to return the value defined for HTTP 200 for which the body (content) is in JSON format and a custom header X-Status which will take the default value of true.

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{  
    "components": {},
    "info": {
        "title": "example-mock-response3",
        "version": "1.0.0"
    },
    "openapi": "3.0.3",
    "paths": {
        "/anything": {
            "get": {
                "operationId": "anythingget",
                "responses": {
                    "200": {
                        "headers": {
                            "X-Status": {
                                "schema": {
                                    "type": "boolean"
                                }
                            }
                        },
                        "content": {
                            "application/json": {
                                "schema": {
                                    "type": "object",
                                    "properties": {
                                        "lastName": {
                                            "example": "Bar",
                                            "type": "string"
                                        },
                                        "name": {
                                            "example": "Foo",
                                            "type": "string"
                                        },
                                        "id": {
                                            "type": "integer"
                                        }
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        },
                        "description": ""
                    },
                    "300": {
                        "headers": {
                            "X-Status": {
                                "schema": {
                                    "type": "boolean",
                                    "example": false
                                }
                            }
                        },
                        "content": {
                            "text/plain": {
                                "example": "Baz"
                            }
                    },
                    "description": ""
                    } 
               }
            }
        }
    },
    "x-tyk-api-gateway": {
        "info": {
            "name": "example-mock-response3",
            "state": {
                "active": true
            }
        },
        "upstream": {
            "url": "http://httpbin.org/"
        },
        "server": {
            "listenPath": {
                "value": "/example-mock-response3/",
                "strip": true
            }
        },
        "middleware": {
            "operations": {
                "anythingget": {
                    "mockResponse": {
                        "enabled": true,
                        "fromOASExamples": {
                            "enabled": true,
                            "code": 200,
                            "contentType": "application/json"
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

You can trigger the mock response for HTTP 300 by adding the following headers to your request:

• X-Tyk-Accept-Example-Code: 300
• Accept: text/plain

This would return a plain text body and the X-Status header set to false.

The configuration above is a complete and valid Tyk OAS API Definition that you can import into Tyk to try out the mock response middleware.

Configuring mock response using Tyk Dashboard UI

Adding a mock response to your API endpoints is easy when using the API Designer in the Tyk Dashboard UI, simply follow the steps appropriate to the configuration method you wish to use:

• manual configuration of the middleware config
• automatic configuration from the OpenAPI description

Manual configuration

1. Add an endpoint

   From the API Designer add an endpoint that matches the path and method to which you want to apply the middleware.

   

   

   

2. Select the Mock Response middleware

   Select ADD MIDDLEWARE and choose Mock Response middleware from the Add Middleware screen.

   

3. Configure the middleware

   Select Manually configure mock response

   

   This takes you to the middleware configuration screen where you can:

   • choose the HTTP status code that you want Tyk Gateway to return
   • select the content type
   • add a description for your mock response
   • define headers to be provided with the response
   • define the body that will be returned in the response (note that this must be defined as a JSON schema)

   

   Select UPDATE MIDDLEWARE to apply the change to the middleware configuration.

4. Save the API

   Select SAVE API to apply the changes to your API.

Automatic configuration

1. Import an OpenAPI Document containing sample responses or schema

   Import your OpenAPI Document (from file, URL or by pasting the JSON into the text editor) configure the upstream URL and listen path, and select Auto-generate middleware to deliver mock responses.

   Selecting this option will cause Tyk Dashboard to check for sample responses or schema in the OpenAPI description and will automatically add the Mock Response middleware for any endpoints that have suitable data.

   

2. Edit the Mock Response middleware

   Select EDIT and then the Mock Response middleware from the Endpoints tab. This will take you to the Edit Middleware screen. Note that Use mock response from Open API Specification has been selected.

   

3. Configure the middleware

   Tyk Dashboard will automatically select a valid HTTP response code from the drop-down. When you select a valid content-type for which a mock response is configured in the OpenAPI specification, the API Designer will display the associated response.

   

   Here you can edit the mock response:

   • modify, add or delete Response Body examples (note that this must follow the selected content-type)
   • choose a default Response Body example that will be provided (unless overridden in the request)
   • add a description for your mock response
   • define headers to be provided with the response (note that these must be defined as a JSON schema)
   • add a schema

   You can create and edit mock responses for multiple HTTP status codes by choosing a different status code from the drop-down.

   Select UPDATE MIDDLEWARE to apply the change to the middleware configuration.

4. Save the API

   Select SAVE API to apply the changes to your API.

Using Classic

The Mock Response middleware allows you to configure Tyk to return a response for an API endpoint without requiring an upstream service. This can be useful when creating a new API or making a development API available to an external team.

When working with Tyk Classic APIs, this middleware is executed at the start of the request processing chain. Thus an endpoint with the mock response middleware will not be authenticated, will not process other middleware configured for the API (neither API nor endpoint level) and will have no analytics created. It will simply return the configured response for any request made to that endpoint.

The middleware is configured in the Tyk Classic API Definition. You can do this via the Tyk Dashboard API, the API Designer or in Tyk Operator.

If you’re using the newer Tyk OAS APIs, then check out the Tyk OAS page.

API Definition

If you’re using Tyk Operator then check out the configuring the middleware in Tyk Operator section below.

To enable mock response, you must first add the endpoint to a list - one of allow list, block list or ignore authentication. This will add a new object to the extended_paths section of your API definition - white_list, black_list or ignored. The mock response can then be configured within the method_actions element within the new object.

The white_list, black_list and ignored objects all have the same structure and configuration as follows:

• path: the endpoint path
• method: this should be blank
• ignore_case: if set to true then the path matching will be case insensitive
• method_actions: the configuration of the mock response

The method_actions object should be configured as follows, with an entry created for each method on the path for which you wish to configure the mock response:

• action: this should be set to reply
• code: the HTTP status code to be provided with the response
• headers: the headers to inject with the response
• data: the payload to be returned as the body of the response

For example:

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{
    "extended_paths": {
        "white_list": [
            {
                "disabled": false,
                "path": "/anything",
                "method": "",
                "ignore_case": false,
                "method_actions": {
                    "GET": {
                        "action": "reply",
                        "code": 200,
                        "data": "This is the mock response body",
                        "headers": {
                            "X-Example-Header": "foobar"
                        }
                    }          
                }
            }
        ]
    }
}

In this example the mock response middleware has been configured for requests to the GET /anything endpoint. The allow list middleware has been enabled for this endpoint and is case sensitive, so calls to GET /Anything will not return the mock response.

A call to GET /anything would return:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
X-Example-Header: foobar
Date: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 16:21:05 GMT
Content-Length: 30
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8

This is the mock response body

API Designer

You can use the API Designer in the Tyk Dashboard to configure the Mock Response middleware for your Tyk Classic API by following these steps.

1. Add an endpoint for the path and configure a list plugin

   For the mock response to be enabled, the endpoint must also be in a list. We recommend adding the path to an allow list by selecting the Allow List plugin.

2. Add the mock response plugin

   Now select the Mock response plugin.

   

3. Configure the middleware

   Once you have selected the Mock response middleware for the endpoint, you can configure the HTTP status code, headers and body to be included in the response. Remember to click ADD, to add each header to the response.

   

4. Save the API

   Use the save or create buttons to save the changes and activate the middleware.

Tyk Operator

The process of configuring a mock response is similar to that defined in the configuring the middleware in Tyk Classic API definition section.

To configure a mock response, you must first add a mock response configuration object to the extended_paths section, e.g. one of allow list (white_list), block list (black_list) or ignore authentication (ignore). The mock response configuration object has the following properties:

• path: the path of the endpoint, e.g /foo.
• ignore_case: when set to true the path matching is case insensitive.
• method_actions: a configuration object that allows the mock response to be configured for a given method, including the response body, response headers and status code. This object should also contain an action field with a value set to reply.

In the example below we can see that a mock response is configured to ignore authentication (ignore) for the GET /foo endpoint. When a request is made to the endpoint then authentication will be ignored and a mock response is returned with status code 200 and a response body payload of {"foo": "bar"}. The middleware has been configured to be case sensitive, so calls to GET /Foo will not ignore authentication.

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apiVersion: tyk.tyk.io/v1alpha1
kind: ApiDefinition
metadata:
  name: httpbin
spec:
  name: httpbin
  protocol: http
  active: true
  use_keyless: true
  proxy: 
    target_url: http://httpbin.org
    listen_path: /httpbin
    strip_listen_path: true
  version_data:
    default_version: Default
    not_versioned: true
    versions:
      Default:
        name: Default
        use_extended_paths: true
        paths:
          black_list: []
          ignored: []
          white_list: []
        extended_paths:
            ignored:
              - ignore_case: false
                method_actions:
                  GET:
                    action: "reply"
                    code: 200
                    data: "{\"foo\": \"bar\"}"
                    headers: {}
                path: /foo